Victorian Cycles
Hand-built 1890's-style bicycles
Interested in a real time machine? Commission one of our 1890s-style custom bicycles! Custom, hand-made steel frames with wooden fenders and chainguards, leather saddles and cork grips. Whether you are interested in a roadster or a racer, we can build you the period bicycle of your dreams.
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Cycling
The page below details Victorian cycling and our true adventures with it.
Be sure to also check out my fiction series about a cycling club in the 1880s and '90s, the Tales of Chetzemoka!
Tales of Chetzemoka books on Amazon
Tales of Chetzmoka merchandise collection
"Who knows but that before the next century dawns it will be recognized that the inventor of the bicycle has done more to revolutionize the religious, moral and social ideas of mankind than all the philosophers of our time?"--Pall Mall Gazette, quoted in "Bicycling Notes of the Month." Outing May, 1886, p. 240.
Both our cycles in this picture are replicas of models from the heyday of high wheeling. Mine is a replica of a Coventry Rudge Rotary tricycle; these were originally made in the 1880s and mine was crafted in the 1990s. Gabriel's is a Victory bicycle, a modern replica of an 1885 Victor.
This style of bicycle is called an Ordinary bicycle. (Some 19th-century sources capitalized the "O" and others didn't; when I'm writing about them I use the capitalized form of the name to mitigate confusion for modern readers.) Riders of Ordinaries—in the Victorian era and today—prize them for their elegance, simplicity, and utter silence. The ride on an ordinary is so smooth that in 1883 a New York magazine coined the phrase, "As smooth as a bicycle." (Source: "Wheel News." The Wheelman. May, 1883, p. 152.)
An Ordinary is sized to a man's leg length, like a pair of pants. If the wheel is too big the rider can't reach his pedals; too small and his legs get caught under the handlebars. Gabriel is 5'10" and rides a 52 inch wheel. In 1883 a major American cycling firm reported the following statistics for wheels they had manufactured: "For every 61-inch machine sold, they have sold two 58-inch; sixteen 56-inch; fifty 54-inch; ninety-one 52-inch; one hundred and four 50-inch; sixty-nine 48-inch; thirty-three 46-inch; thirteen 44-inch; and twelve 42-inch." (Source: "Wheel News." The Wheelman. June, 1883., p. 233.)
At a banquet for the League of American Wheelmen in 1883, Clarkson N. Fuller declared, "[K]eep up your riding. It is good for you physically, and... mentally. It is innocent amusement. It is beautiful amusement, and the only objection that I have to it is that you can't take young women along. I like to ride with young ladies, I must admit." The crowd laughed, and Fuller continued, "I wish some ingenious mechanic would invent a bicycle on which you can take a young lady riding."
The club called out, "Tricycles!"
Fuller went on, "I believe the young ladies will ride tricycles; and it is the healthiest exercise they can have; and it is the most healthful exercise you can have." (Source: The Wheelman. August, 1883, p. 374.)
This style of bicycle is called an Ordinary bicycle. (Some 19th-century sources capitalized the "O" and others didn't; when I'm writing about them I use the capitalized form of the name to mitigate confusion for modern readers.) Riders of Ordinaries—in the Victorian era and today—prize them for their elegance, simplicity, and utter silence. The ride on an ordinary is so smooth that in 1883 a New York magazine coined the phrase, "As smooth as a bicycle." (Source: "Wheel News." The Wheelman. May, 1883, p. 152.)
An Ordinary is sized to a man's leg length, like a pair of pants. If the wheel is too big the rider can't reach his pedals; too small and his legs get caught under the handlebars. Gabriel is 5'10" and rides a 52 inch wheel. In 1883 a major American cycling firm reported the following statistics for wheels they had manufactured: "For every 61-inch machine sold, they have sold two 58-inch; sixteen 56-inch; fifty 54-inch; ninety-one 52-inch; one hundred and four 50-inch; sixty-nine 48-inch; thirty-three 46-inch; thirteen 44-inch; and twelve 42-inch." (Source: "Wheel News." The Wheelman. June, 1883., p. 233.)
At a banquet for the League of American Wheelmen in 1883, Clarkson N. Fuller declared, "[K]eep up your riding. It is good for you physically, and... mentally. It is innocent amusement. It is beautiful amusement, and the only objection that I have to it is that you can't take young women along. I like to ride with young ladies, I must admit." The crowd laughed, and Fuller continued, "I wish some ingenious mechanic would invent a bicycle on which you can take a young lady riding."
The club called out, "Tricycles!"
Fuller went on, "I believe the young ladies will ride tricycles; and it is the healthiest exercise they can have; and it is the most healthful exercise you can have." (Source: The Wheelman. August, 1883, p. 374.)
Sarah's Historical Fiction Cycling Club Series
Which bring us to my cycle. There are several very good reasons women didn't ride Ordinaries. It should be remembered that underpants as modern people know them were a twentieth-century invention. Under their skirts Victorian women wore pantalets which were usually split right down the middle. These were more hygienic than modern underpants and incredibly convenient while using lavatory facilities; however, combining travel that places a rider's nethers at roughly eye level with split drawers creates an obvious problem! Besides, an Ordinary rider's legs straddle the wheel and there is no possible way to keep skirts out of the spokes. Photographer Frances Benjamin Johnston (1864-1952) was one of the very few women who rode an Ordinary in the nineteenth-century; she took cross-dressing to such extremes that in her self-portrait with her Ordinary she is wearing a false mustache (the photo can be seen here: http://www.loc.gov/pictures/resource/ppmsc.04884/?co=fbj).
Tricycles, however, are very skirt-compatible and much beloved by Victorian women cyclists. In 1888 the magazine Good Housekeeping reported, "The exercise of riding a tricycle is one highly to be recommended for women, especially young women who have nothing to do but imagine that they have got all the ills under the sun. A primary effect of riding is to strengthen the muscles, not only of the lower extremities, but those of the abdomen, chest and the arms, which are constantly being excited to contract... English women are as famous for propelling these three-wheeled vehicles as they are famous as pedestrians. One lady writes that she never enjoyed such good health as during “this, my first cycling year.” She rode 100 miles the first month; 210 the next; then 300 miles a until in the last two months of the season she rode 500 miles each, making 2,166 miles in eight months, a part of the time being lost by foreign travel. A 16-year-old girl writes that she has ridden four miles to school on her tricycle; and a 10-year-old girl rode 150 miles in a little over four months..." (Source: Good Housekeeping, July 7, 1888.)
There were a number of different styles of tricycles in the nineteenth-century. On many models the rider sat between two large wheels and a third, smaller wheel was seen out front or behind the rider. However finely they were made though, all the metal and solid rubber on those large wheels adds up to a lot of weight, so an asymetrical model was developed. The Rudge Rotary (which inspired mine) was known for its lightness and speed and gained a reputation as a racing trike. The right-hand grip turns the two smaller wheels in tandem with each other: They steer it. The big wheel drives the machine: It gets turned when the treadles go 'round. Here's a close-up of my hand on the steering grip:
Tricycles, however, are very skirt-compatible and much beloved by Victorian women cyclists. In 1888 the magazine Good Housekeeping reported, "The exercise of riding a tricycle is one highly to be recommended for women, especially young women who have nothing to do but imagine that they have got all the ills under the sun. A primary effect of riding is to strengthen the muscles, not only of the lower extremities, but those of the abdomen, chest and the arms, which are constantly being excited to contract... English women are as famous for propelling these three-wheeled vehicles as they are famous as pedestrians. One lady writes that she never enjoyed such good health as during “this, my first cycling year.” She rode 100 miles the first month; 210 the next; then 300 miles a until in the last two months of the season she rode 500 miles each, making 2,166 miles in eight months, a part of the time being lost by foreign travel. A 16-year-old girl writes that she has ridden four miles to school on her tricycle; and a 10-year-old girl rode 150 miles in a little over four months..." (Source: Good Housekeeping, July 7, 1888.)
There were a number of different styles of tricycles in the nineteenth-century. On many models the rider sat between two large wheels and a third, smaller wheel was seen out front or behind the rider. However finely they were made though, all the metal and solid rubber on those large wheels adds up to a lot of weight, so an asymetrical model was developed. The Rudge Rotary (which inspired mine) was known for its lightness and speed and gained a reputation as a racing trike. The right-hand grip turns the two smaller wheels in tandem with each other: They steer it. The big wheel drives the machine: It gets turned when the treadles go 'round. Here's a close-up of my hand on the steering grip:
Photo courtesy Lou Daprile.
Sarah's Historical Fiction Cycling Club Series
Victorian Cycling Images on bags, water bottles and more!
"A Bicycler's Handkerchief" from Scribner's Magazine, February, 1880, p. 640
Get your own by clicking here!
Our cycling clothes are based on cycling uniforms from the nineteenth-century. Gabriel's uniform is modeled after one in London's Victory & Albert Museum and was made by a seamstress in Seattle. It is made of an English wool tweed, following the advice from nineteenth-century cycling literature that wool is the healthiest fiber to wear while cycling since it is breathable, durable, and suited to a range of conditions. Cyclists were so attached to their uniforms in the 1880s that it was perfectly acceptable for men to wear their cycling uniforms instead of formal dress clothes when cycling clubs organized fancy balls.
My cycling outfit is based on a fashion plate from the 1889-90 edition of Godey's Lady's Book. Following some advice from a period magazine, there is heavy leather sewn into the hem of the skirt to keep it down while I pedal.
Sarah's Historical Fiction Cycling Club Series
Victorian Cycling Images on bags, water bottles and more!
(Photo courtesy of Don Willot)
(Photo courtesy of Don Willot)
A video of us on our high wheels:
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Shortly after acquiring my wonderful tricycle, I found this picture of a woman on a similar model in the 1880s:
Image source:
http://www.veliciousbicycles.com/2011/06/thomas-smith-and-sons-hard-tire-safety.html
Image source:
http://www.veliciousbicycles.com/2011/06/thomas-smith-and-sons-hard-tire-safety.html
Sarah's Historical Fiction Cycling Club Series
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(Photo courtesy of Matt Choi.)
Gabriel's antique Ordinary seen in this picture is an 1887 Singer Challenge. Writing the same year that this beautiful bicycle was manufactured, English Viscount Bury gave the following description of the company which produced it:
"A visit to the works of Messrs. George Singer & Co., of Coventry, will at once give a stranger an idea of the extent of the cycling trade. Established in 1875, Messrs. Singer & Co. did not make any specialty of racing machines until the season of 1885, having devoted their attention almost entirely to turning out all classes of road machines, bicycles, tricycles, manumotive velocipedes, children's velocipedes, and in short every description, the number of patterns being remarkable. The works in Alma Street are excellently arranged. Entering through a large hall, partly occupied by a clerks' office through want of more accomodation, the visitor passes into the large shop, on either side of which are to be seen storerooms containing an apparently inexhaustible supply of parts and fittings, piles of castings, bundles of steel tubing, coils of wire, lengths of iron material, indiarubber [sic] tires, all stacked ready for use; whilst in every room not otherwise used may be seen, in the spring of the year, hundreds of completed machines packed as closely as they will go, ready to be dispatched from the great packing-room across the road—which is the old Coventry Rink—now converted into a cycle shop, where machines of all classes are daily being packed and dispatched to every part of the globe. In the main shop, all the operations for the production of the various machines are to be seen going on with steady activity. Here is a workman drilling holes in a hub with the aid of a machine which not only drills them at the proper angle, but spaces them as well. Another is running the thread of the screw on to the spoke. Yet another is heading them. And all these varied operations go on continuously and without intermission throughout the year. For during the dead season Messrs. Singer work hard to lay up the stock which is to be seen in the store-rooms early in the spring. The Premier Works are also extensive and very interesting...
There are a large number of other firms engaged in the production of specialties, and so extensive is the industry that the production of minor parts and castings for the trade finds employment for large firms and much capital. Thus Messrs. John Harrington & Co., of Coventry, are devoted to the production of the well-known Arab cradle spring, and to the enamelling process which has now been adopted by a large number of manufacturers; Messrs. Thomas Smith & Sons, of Saltley Mill, Birmingham, supply the trade with castings and finished parts to almost any extent; Mr. W. Bown's ball-bearings have won an excellent name for themselves, and are largely adopted by the manufacturers; Messrs. Lamplugh & Brown, of Birmingham, the cyclists' saddlers, supply the trade with saddle-bags and other leather goods, requisites which have done a great deal to make riding comfortable; and a number of other instances could be given to show how great is the general demand in connexion with the cycling trade."[1]
[1] Bury, Viscount. and G. Lacy Hillier. The Badminton Library of Sports and Pastimes: Volume I: Cycling. Ed. The Duke of Beaufort, K.G. and Alfred E.T. Watson. London: Spottiswoode and Co., 1887, pp. 65-67.
Sarah's Historical Fiction Cycling Club Series
An excerpt from the 1897 article, "Woman's Cycle:"
"Were the gift given us to look a bit into the future, what should we probably find the middle-of-the-twentieth-century girl wearing on her wheel - bloomers, very short tunics, or trouserettes and similar abominations in the sight of grace and sweet femininity? Not if she is the direct descendant of her nineteenth-century grandmother, who here in these United States, spite of talk to the contrary, and of the efforts of fashion, still sticks to her traditions and her skirts. Long may they wave, the petticoats in modest ankle-length folds of brown cloth or gray, since those are the best colors for cycling! In time may petticoats triumph over the women who fail to recognize that bloomers are too great a sacrifice for our sex ever to make, and that in skirts only can they maintain at once in the eyes of men their womanliness and their independence."
"Were the gift given us to look a bit into the future, what should we probably find the middle-of-the-twentieth-century girl wearing on her wheel - bloomers, very short tunics, or trouserettes and similar abominations in the sight of grace and sweet femininity? Not if she is the direct descendant of her nineteenth-century grandmother, who here in these United States, spite of talk to the contrary, and of the efforts of fashion, still sticks to her traditions and her skirts. Long may they wave, the petticoats in modest ankle-length folds of brown cloth or gray, since those are the best colors for cycling! In time may petticoats triumph over the women who fail to recognize that bloomers are too great a sacrifice for our sex ever to make, and that in skirts only can they maintain at once in the eyes of men their womanliness and their independence."
To see antique bicycle advertisements scanned from our collection, click here.
"As a gentleman remarked this afternoon, "Some of these riders have splendid calves." "Well," I said, "the calves are not on bicycles; there are a good many off, and I think sometimes they ride to show their calves." —Fuller, Clarkson N. quoted in The Wheelman, August, 1883, p. 374.
(Photos courtesy Matt Choi.)
The little bags on both our bicycles - as well as the panniers on Sarah's bike - were made by the Brooks saddle company in England. Brooks started making equestrian harnesses in 1866, then moved on to manufacturing bicycle gear when Wheels started to replace horses.
Here is the story of the Brooks company, quoted from their website:
"Over almost a century and a half, Brooks England has grown from a small workshop to a byword in quality craftsmanship. Back in 1865, John Boultbee Brooks left his hometown of Hinckley in Leicestershire with just £20 in his pocket.
He headed for Birmingham, where in 1866 he established a business in horse harnesses and general leather goods in Great Charles Street under the name JB Brooks & Co. In 1878, the unfortunate death of Mr Brooks’ horse led to a stroke of inspiration. Unable to afford another horse, he borrowed a bicycle in order to commute to work. He found the seat so uncomfortable that he vowed to do something about it.
On 28 October 1882, Mr Brooks filed his first saddle patent. Waddling cyclists everywhere rejoiced and the new product was a roaring success. JB Brooks & Co. became known and respected for its beautiful leather handcrafted saddles, and soon started to make cycle and motorcycle bags and other accessories..."
- Source: http://www.brooksengland.com
Here is the story of the Brooks company, quoted from their website:
"Over almost a century and a half, Brooks England has grown from a small workshop to a byword in quality craftsmanship. Back in 1865, John Boultbee Brooks left his hometown of Hinckley in Leicestershire with just £20 in his pocket.
He headed for Birmingham, where in 1866 he established a business in horse harnesses and general leather goods in Great Charles Street under the name JB Brooks & Co. In 1878, the unfortunate death of Mr Brooks’ horse led to a stroke of inspiration. Unable to afford another horse, he borrowed a bicycle in order to commute to work. He found the seat so uncomfortable that he vowed to do something about it.
On 28 October 1882, Mr Brooks filed his first saddle patent. Waddling cyclists everywhere rejoiced and the new product was a roaring success. JB Brooks & Co. became known and respected for its beautiful leather handcrafted saddles, and soon started to make cycle and motorcycle bags and other accessories..."
- Source: http://www.brooksengland.com
Sarah's Historical Fiction Cycling Club Series
Our own cycling adventures:
An article on us in Bicycling magazine:
http://www.bicycling.com/culture/people/old-doesn-t-mean-bad-modern-conversation-victorian-era-cyclists
Sarah's trip to the flower fields of the Skagit Valley:
http://www.thisvictorianlife.com/blog/my-recent-trip-to-the-skagit-valley
An article on us in Bicycling magazine:
http://www.bicycling.com/culture/people/old-doesn-t-mean-bad-modern-conversation-victorian-era-cyclists
Sarah's trip to the flower fields of the Skagit Valley:
http://www.thisvictorianlife.com/blog/my-recent-trip-to-the-skagit-valley
Our May, 2015 trip to Victoria, B.C., Canada
We rode from Port Townsend to Port Angeles, then took the Coho ferry up to Vancouver Island. Between the ride there, the ride back, and some puttering around on the island, it was about 132 miles. A marvelous trip!
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The Trail of the Coeur d'Alene's
Idaho Panhandle
At the end of summer 2015, we spent a week riding our high wheel cycles along the Trail of the Coeur d'Alene's in the Idaho panhandle. This marvelous path is part of the Rails to Trails program. Back in the late 19th-century, the route we were following was part of the Union Pacific Railroad line. Unfortunately, in the 20th-century when cars superseded passenger trains, the lines became defunct. Sections of the old railroads have recently been converted to paths for cyclists and pedestrians—for more on the Rails to Trails program, see http://www.railstotrails.org. The Trail of the Coeur d'Alene's, the route we were following, goes between tiny towns and abandoned silver mines in the Idaho panhandle. There are still plenty of functional mines in the region, and this area remains the silver capital of the world.
For more on the Trail of the Coeur d'Alene's, visit:
http://friendsofcdatrails.org/index.html
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Sarah with her trike, on a bridge on the Trail of the Coeur d'Alene's. This photo shows how much more carrying capacity the Victorian tricycles had than their brother bicycles. The blue bundle strapped to the long rod between the little steering wheels is a canvas roll containing our spare clothes. In the 1880s, men usually chose Ordinary bicycles over tricycles because the bikes were lighter and simpler; male tricyclists were either geeks who preferred complicated technology, or men who wanted extra luggage space—hunters, photographers or artists. (A gun, tripod or easel could be strapped to the long rod of the trike just like we strapped our clothes there.)
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The Chilly Hilly ride: Bainbridge Island, WA
Sarah's participation in an organized ride:
http://www.thisvictorianlife.com/blog/chilly-hilly
Port Townsend to Port Gamble
A short trip from one Victorian town to another:
http://www.thisvictorianlife.com/blog/port-gamble-wa
Sarah ALWAYS wears a corset—even while cycling. Here's an excerpt from her book about it:
http://www.thisvictorianlife.com/blog/cycling-in-a-corset-a-short-excerpt-from-victorian-secrets
The Tricycle's Maiden Voyage:
http://www.thisvictorianlife.com/blog/the-tricycles-maiden-voyage
Sarah rebuts an erroneous article:
http://www.thisvictorianlife.com/blog/a-rebuttal-to-a-recent-article
A few words on the 19th-century cyclists' drink of choice: milk & soda:
http://www.thisvictorianlife.com/blog/milk-and-soda
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Gabriel on his Victory at the 2015 Viking Tour
On Sunday, May 17th, 2015 Gabriel rode his Victory Ordinary in the Poulsbo-Port Gamble Viking Tour, an organized cycling event. Around five hundred riders participated in this 35-mile event, but Gabriel was the only one on an Ordinary!
Photos courtesy http://www.poulsbovikingtour.com/photos/index.html
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Links to short video clips of Gabriel riding the Singer (footage courtesy Austin Kurpuis):
Riding:
http://youtu.be/SvPr9oFdQ-Q
Fancy riding (riding with one leg):
http://youtu.be/J8oP8stFac0
Demonstrating how to mount a high wheeler:
http://youtu.be/s3kp8KvnoDc
Dismounting (at about 6 min 55) :
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WT9gW8s9yNg
More riding:
http://youtu.be/kNOvW0JbAIE
Discussing the ironwood grips:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S5RW_dNDkPY&feature=youtu.be
Mounting an Ordinary bicycle slideshow:
"…on every extensive ride I not only meet with many people who have never seen a bicycle, but I also meet with not a few who have never even heard of the existence of such an instrument. Observing me rolling the thing on foot, they often ask if I am "measuring the roads for a map"; and when I assert in reply that the wheel is designed to be ridden upon, they no more believe that I am speaking seriously than they would if I declared it to be a balloon with which one might fly through the clouds. The words and looks with which such simple folk manifest their astonishment when the miraculous mount is made into the incredible saddle, and the impossible vehicle is driven swiftly along before their very eyes, cannot be reproduced by any ingenuity of the pen." —Kron, Karl. "Ten Thousand Miles On A Bicycle." New York, 1887, p. 8.
Sarah's Historical Fiction Cycling Club Series
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Videos of Gabriel riding a Victory. (Videos courtesy of Steven Hanners.)
In order that we can go on longer bike tours without risking damage to Gabriel's antique Singer, in 2014 he procured a Victory, a replica of the 19th-century Victor cycles. Here are some short little snippets of him mounting and dismounting in the parking lot of the B.I. Cycle Shop after its arrival. Enjoy! (These videos were taken by a friend just a few minutes after Gabriel had unpacked and assembled his Victory, so he's still in his work clothes, which made things a little challenging. He looks far more graceful in his riding clothes!)
The Victory
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Photo courtesy Lou Daprile
The Wheelman's Joy
Victorian Cycling Poetry and Words About Wheels
Crafted in Port Townsend, aired on HBO Historian, craftsman creates 1880s bike replica for TV series
By Lily Haight
The modern bicycle design—with its diamond frame, chain drive and wire-spoked wheels—has changed very little since its inception in the 1800s.
But there was a period in history when engineers were busily trying to outdo each other by inventing the best, the most comfortable, convenient, sophisticated, lightweight and affordable bicycle.
“I love the engineering of the 1880s because it was such out-of-the-box thinking,” said Gabriel Chrisman, a local bike mechanic and Victorian-era historian. “A lot of these engineers, you’d give them a white piece of paper and tell them to come up with a better bicycle, and they’d come up with something.”
Chrisman has spent his life studying the technology and innovation of the 19th-century, specializing in the creation of the bicycle, which is still a hugely important part of modern life, though relatively unchanged from its original design.
Now, he has been contracted by a TV company to create a handmade replica 1880s “safety bike,” which will be featured in a new period drama on HBO.
Chrisman and his wife Sarah are easily recognizable and well-known around Port Townsend. The couple specializes in late 19th-century history and culture and bring elements of Victorian life into their everyday lives. Their 19th-century home is appropriately decorated with Victorian furniture and art. Sarah Chrisman can often be seen riding around town on a Victorian bicycle in her Victorian-era clothing in between writing fiction and nonfiction books about the Victorian era. Gabriel, who is an archivist and librarian, operates his own hand-built bicycle business called Victorian Cycles. From time to time he rides his 19th-century “ordinary” bicycle—with one large wheel, and one small—on the ferry to his job at the Coupeville Library… Read the rest of the article here:
https://www.ptleader.com/stories/crafted-in-port-townsend-aired-on-hbo,68652
Gabriel first learning to ride his Singer
In a seaport town in the late 19th-century Pacific Northwest, a group of friends find themselves drawn together —by chance, by love, and by the marvelous changes their world is undergoing. In the process, they learn that the family we choose can be just as important as the ones we're born into. Join their adventures in
The Tales of Chetzemoka
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First Wheel in Town:
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Love Will Find A Wheel:
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A Trip and a Tumble:
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*****
Anthologies
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The Wheelman's Joy
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Love's Messenger
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Words For Parting
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*****
Non-fiction:
Historic cycling articles by title:
A Burglar, A Bicycle, and A Storm (Fiction—1897)
A Cycle of the Seasons: A Bicycle Romance in Four Meets (Fiction—1883)
A Cycle Show in Little (1897)
A Modern Love Sung in Ancient Fashion (Poem—1884)
Bicycling and Tricycling (1884)
Cycling for Women (1888)
Is Bicycling Harmful? (1897)
The Evolution of a Sport (1897)
Foreign [Bicycling News] (1884)
A Midwinter-Night's Dream (An homage to Dickens' A Christmas Carol, cycling style —1883)
On Wings of Love (Poem—1884)
Rosalind A Wheel (Fiction—1897)
Snakes in his Wheel (1895)
Wheelman's Song (Poem—1883)
The Work of Wheelmen for Better Roads (1897)
Woman's Cycle (1897)
A Burglar, A Bicycle, and A Storm (Fiction—1897)
A Cycle of the Seasons: A Bicycle Romance in Four Meets (Fiction—1883)
A Cycle Show in Little (1897)
A Modern Love Sung in Ancient Fashion (Poem—1884)
Bicycling and Tricycling (1884)
Cycling for Women (1888)
Is Bicycling Harmful? (1897)
The Evolution of a Sport (1897)
Foreign [Bicycling News] (1884)
A Midwinter-Night's Dream (An homage to Dickens' A Christmas Carol, cycling style —1883)
On Wings of Love (Poem—1884)
Rosalind A Wheel (Fiction—1897)
Snakes in his Wheel (1895)
Wheelman's Song (Poem—1883)
The Work of Wheelmen for Better Roads (1897)
Woman's Cycle (1897)
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